Messages are then included in NAS signalling messages between MME and the mobile device. The MSC Server is normally connected to a messaging centre for delivery of SMS messages over control channels in, for example, GSM and WCDMA, and through the interaction with MME, this solution can be used also for LTE.

Any sort of media (text, video, sound, graphics, etc.) could be included in messages sent using IP.ДЇor the case of using the circuit-switched infrastructure for delivering messages, the MME interacts with the MSC Server. How the messaging application as such is realized is independent of EPC (as long as IP as used as the transport technology) and beyond the scope of this book. Messages are sent transparently through the network from a messaging server to the client, and are treated just like any IP packet by the EPC.

The fact that LTE is a packet-only radio access calls for some specific mechanisms to be included in the latter case.ДЇor the case where messages are sent based on IP, there are no specific features needed in the EPC. Just as for voice, there are two fundamentally different ways of realizing messaging support with EPC вЂ“ either using an IP-based solution (like IMS-based messaging or SMS-over-IP) or using the circuit-switched infrastructure that is normally used to deliver SMS messages over GSM and WCDMA. Instant messaging and chat-like services have also been introduced as a means to further enhance the messaging experience for the users. The introduction of more advanced messaging services such as Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) has offered the ability to also include photos, graphics and sound in addition to text in the messages. The ability to send messages to users of mobile devices has grown immensely popular since the introduction of Short Messaging Service (SMS) in GSM. Catherine Mulligan, in SAE and the Evolved Packet Core, 2010 5.3 Messaging Services SMS generates communication networks connecting phones to each other based on the number of messages exchanged. Texting has become a basic entry point for Internet services and the means of weaving together family, work, and civic relationships. The simplicity and low bandwidth requirements make it almost universally available, relatively cheap, and accessible from mobile devices. Where a desktop, laptop, or вЂњsmart phoneвЂќ device routinely now handles audio, video, and document attachments, text messaging is limited to 160 characters of text. Text messaging lacks many of the features of richer forms of message exchange. Billions of texts are exchanged each day among almost 3 billion users of mobile phones and other devices. Text chat has a mobile form called Mobile Short Messaging Service (SMS), which has taken the world by storm, becoming the most widely used form of electronic communication. Smith, in Analyzing Social Media Networks with NodeXL, 2011 Texting Before being able to do so, a hacker group needs to find out the phone numbers within the target group ways of finding these out have been described (in the section about instant messaging).Дerek L. There are, however, solutions for sending SMS messages to groups of contacts. Contrary to instant messaging, group chats are not integrated in SMS applications hence it primarily serves one-to-one communication. But this, logically, requires more bandwidth and thereby negates the universality of SMS. A protocol offering this functionality is Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), which is often integrated in proprietary mobile operating systems (eg, AppleвЂ™s Message app). Text messages offer no possibilities to add media (audio, images, videos). Every mobile phone with a cellular signal can send and receive text messages while instant messaging can only be done on smartphones connected to the Internet. van Haaster, in Cyber Guerilla, 2016 Text messagesДЄlthough very similar to instant messaging, short messaging service (SMS) uses the voice network and as such is an (almost) universal service.

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